Periodontal Disease (Gum Disease): Everything You Need to Know

Causes and Risk Factors

The primary culprit of gum disease is plaque buildup — a sticky film loaded with bacteria. If not removed by regular brushing and flossing, plaque hardens into tartar and triggers infection. Additional factors that increase your risk include:

• Poor oral hygiene: Infrequent or inadequate brushing and flossing.
• Smoking or tobacco use: Harms gum tissue and impedes healing.
• Genetics: Some people inherit a predisposition to gum disease.
• Diabetes: High blood sugar can promote bacterial growth.
• Autoimmune conditions: Diseases like lupus or Crohn’s affect your immune response.
• Hormonal changes: Pregnancy, puberty and menopause can lead to heightened gum sensitivity.
• Stress: Can weaken your immune system and compromise healing.
• Heart disease: Research shows a notable link between gum disease and heart health.

Diagnosis: What to Expect

A dentist or periodontist can diagnose periodontal disease during a routine exam. They’ll look for plaque buildup, gum inflammation and measure the depth of pockets around your teeth using a specialised probe. Dental X-rays can reveal areas of bone loss, helping your dentist determine the stage of gum disease.

Treatment Options for Periodontal Disease

Though gum disease isn’t always curable (especially in the advanced stages), effective treatment can halt or slow its progression. Your treatment plan depends on how severe the condition is and may include:

• Routine Dental Cleaning and Improved Oral Hygiene: Effective for gingivitis and early stages of gum disease. Maintaining a consistent brushing and flossing routine can reverse early gum inflammation.
• Scaling and Root Planing: A deep-cleaning approach to remove plaque and tartar below the gum line. The tooth roots are then smoothed to deter bacterial growth. Typically requires local anaesthesia.
• Pocket Reduction Surgery (Osseous Surgery): In moderate or advanced cases, the periodontist creates a small flap in your gums to clean deep pockets of plaque and tartar. Gums are then repositioned and sutured.
• Laser-Assisted Treatment (LANAP): Some practices use laser technology to target diseased tissue while preserving healthy gum tissue. It’s considered a less invasive alternative to traditional pocket reduction surgery.
• Bone Grafting and Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR): Helps restore lost bone. Bone-grafting material is placed where bone has eroded, and a membrane can prevent soft tissue from encroaching, giving new bone the opportunity to grow.
• Gum Grafting (Tissue Graft): When gum recession is significant, tissue (often from the roof of your mouth) is grafted over exposed tooth roots to protect them and improve the gum line.
• Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) or Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP): Uses a small sample of your blood to collect growth factors that aid healing after periodontal surgery, potentially reducing recovery time and discomfort.

Prevention: How to Keep Your Gums Healthy

You can prevent most cases of gum disease with strong oral hygiene habits. Some people with genetic predispositions or existing health issues may require extra care. Key prevention strategies include:

• Brushing two to three times a day using fluoride toothpaste.
• Flossing daily to remove debris where your toothbrush can’t reach.
• Using an antibacterial or antimicrobial mouthwash to reduce plaque.
• Avoiding or quitting smoking and tobacco products.
• Visiting your dentist or periodontist for regular check-ups and cleanings.
• Managing underlying health conditions, such as diabetes.

Complications and Overall Health

Untreated periodontal disease can escalate, leading to tooth loss and widespread infection. Furthermore, evidence suggests a link between gum disease and health concerns like heart disease, stroke and diabetes. By treating gum disease early, you can help protect your teeth and potentially reduce risks related to your overall health.

Frequently Asked Questions

• Is gum disease contagious? Bacteria that lead to gum disease can be transferred through saliva, but passing the condition itself is less likely without prolonged close contact.
• Can I reverse periodontal disease? You can reverse gingivitis (the earliest stage) through professional cleaning and excellent home care. More advanced stages can be managed but aren’t fully reversible if bone loss has occurred.
• How long can I keep my teeth if I have periodontal disease? It depends on the progression and how quickly you seek treatment. Many people manage to keep their teeth by adhering to a consistent dental care routine and following professional advice.
• When should I see a dentist? If you notice signs like bleeding, swollen gums or persistent bad breath, book an appointment as soon as possible. Early intervention provides the best chance to prevent serious damage.

Outlook

While gum disease isn’t life-threatening, its impact on your oral health can be significant. Fortunately, with timely diagnosis, advanced treatments and careful home care, you can preserve your teeth and minimise complications. If you experience any gum discomfort, bleeding or sensitivity, don’t wait — contact your dentist or periodontist for personalised advice and treatment options.

Take Charge of Your Gum Health

Periodontal disease can be a hidden danger, gradually destroying the structures that support your teeth. Staying vigilant about your oral hygiene, attending regular dental check-ups and taking early action against gum disease are the best ways to safeguard your smile — and your overall health.